Social determinants in association with postpartum blues during the transition period of COVID-19 pandemic

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably impacted individuals' lives, extensively from mental and socioeconomic aspects, that requires someone to adapt. For postpartum mothers who also need to go through the maternal psychological adaptation phase, the pandemic could impose overwhelming emotional tension on them, increasing the risk of experiencing postpartum blues. This study aims to analyze the relationship between social factors that are affected during a pandemic with the incidence of postpartum blues on screening test results during the transition period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Banyumanik, Semarang. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Banyumanik, Semarang, from November to December 2022.39 subjects were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. The dependent variable is postpartum blues. The independent variables include marital status, employment status of the mother, employment status of the spouse, and family income level. The study instrument was EPDS questionnaire. The data were analyzed used Chi-square. Results: Out of 39 subjects, 13 (33.3%) were experiencing postpartum blues, and 26 (66.7%) were not experiencing it. Mother's employment status associated with postpartum blues. Mothers who unemployed have a risk of experiencing postpartum blues 1.65 times compared to employed, but these were not statistically significant (OR= 1.65;95% CI= 0.40 to 6.77;p= 0.727). Family income level associated with postpartum blues. Mothers with low to moderate family income reduced postpartum blues by 0.73 times compared to mothers with high income levels, but these were not statistically significant (OR= 0.73;95%CI= 0.19 to 2.80;p= 0.908). Meanwhile, marital status and spouse employment status were not related to the incidence of postpartum blues. Conclusion: Mother's employment status and family income status associated with postpartum blues. Meanwhile, marital status and spouse employment status were not related to the incidence of postpartum blues.

COVID-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy: A Structured Electronic Medical Record Data Study

Objectives: To compare pregnancy loss rates, preterm birth rates and gestational age at delivery in women vaccinated against COVID-19 during pregnancy vs. those unvaccinated. Method(s): Data were captured from Dorsata Prenatal, an electronic medical record (EMR) system that captures obstetrical data for tens of thousands of pregnancies annually. Patients who delivered between February 11, 2021-June 2, 2022, were included. The vaccinated group included women who had at least one COVID-19 vaccination documented in their EMR between 30 days prior to pregnancy and delivery. The unvaccinated group included women without a COVID-19 vaccination documented. The primary outcome measure was gestational age (GA) at delivery. We analyzed the data using chi-square tests, with significance set at p<0.01. Result(s): A total of 51,994 pregnant women were identified-7,947 (15.3%) in the vaccinated group and 44,047 (84.7%) in the unvaccinated group. Vaccination rate varied by race (Asian: 19.7%;White: 17.3%;Black: 11.2%, P<0.001), ethnicity (Latino: 8.6%;Not-Latino: 18.7%;P<0.001), marital status (Married: 19.2%;Single: 8.8%;P<0.001), mother's age (>=35 years: 20.0%;<35 years 14.2%;P<0.001), and region (Northeast: 19.2%;South: 15.2%;West: 9.1%;P<0.001). The vaccinated group had significantly lower rate of preterm delivery (Gestational Age [GA]<37 weeks;vaccinated: 7.8% vs. unvaccinated: 9.6%;P<0.001), and significantly lower rates of pregnancy loss (GA<20 weeks;vaccinated: 1.1% vs. unvaccinated: 4.1%;P<0.001). Conclusion(s): This is one of the largest real-world studies to date in women who received the COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Vaccination rates varied significantly across race/ethnicity. Vaccinated patients had lower preterm delivery and pregnancy loss rates compared with unvaccinated patients.Copyright © 2023

Relevance of social capital in preserving subjective well‐being in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic

This paper analyzes the changes in subjective well‐being (SWB) in 11 Latin American cities at the end of the acceleration phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the variables that influenced these changes, and the role of the public support policies and the social capital on SWB recovery. This study, the second of a two‐phase research project, is a survey‐based comparative analysis. The 5604 survey responses obtained included 3279 observations from the research project's preceding phase, and 2325 observations conducted as part of the second project phase and current study. A multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate the impact of the different variables related to COVID‐19 on people's SWB. Results show that the most significant positive impacts on SWB, are attributed to social capital, particularly family and social cohesion. The study confirms that the level of SWB is strongly associated with personality traits, health, and key variables such as age, marital status, and income. The different measures established to control the pandemic have not remedied the negative impacts of COVID‐19 on people's SWB. However, an increase in different degrees of SWB was observed in 10 out of the 11 cities between the initial survey and the follow‐up survey.Alternate :本文分析了11个拉丁美洲城市在2019冠状病毒病（COVID‐19）大流行加速阶段结束时的主观幸福感（SWB）变化、影响SWB变化的变量、以及公共支持政策和社会资本对SWB恢复发挥的作用。本研究是一项由两阶段组成的研究课题的第二阶段——一项基于调查的比较分析。获得的5,604份调查回复包括来自研究课题第一阶段的3,279次观察，以及课题第二阶段（本研究）进行的2,325次观察。使用多元线性回归模型评价与COVID‐19相关的不同变量对人民SWB产生的影响。结果表明，对SWB产生最显著积极影响的变量为社会资本，特别是家庭和社会凝聚力。本研究证实，SWB水平与人格特征、健康状况、以及年龄、婚姻状况和收入等关键变量强烈相关。为控制大流行而制定的不同措施并没有弥补COVID‐19对人民SWB产生的负面影响。不过，从初次调查到后续调查的期间，11个城市中有10个城市的SWB出现了不同程度的上升。Alternate :RESUMENEste artículo analiza los cambios en el bienestar subjetivo en 11 ciudades de América Latina al final de la fase de aceleración de la pandemia de COVID‐19, las variables que influyeron en estos cambios y el papel de las políticas públicas de apoyo y el capital social en la recuperación del bienestar subjetivo.Este estudio, el segundo de un proyecto de investigación de dos fases, es un análisis comparativo basado en encuestas. Las 5605 encuestas respondidas incluyeron 3279 observaciones de la fase anterior del proyecto de investigación y 2325 observaciones realizadas como parte de la segunda fase del proyecto y el estudio actual. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal multivariado para evaluar el impacto de las diferentes variables relacionadas con COVID‐19 en el bienestar subjetivo de las personas.Los resultados muestran que los impactos positivos más significativos en el bienestar subjetivo se atribuyen al capital social, particularmente a la cohesión familiar y social. El estudio confirma que el nivel de bienestar subjetivo está fuertemente asociado con los rasgos de personalidad, la salud y variables clave como la edad, el estado civil y los ingresos. Las diferentes medidas establecidas para el control de la pandemia no han subsanado los impactos negativos del COVID‐19 en el bienestar subjetivo de las personas. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento en diferentes grados de bienestar subjetivo en 10 de las 11 ciudades entre la encuesta inicial y la encuesta de seguimiento.

A Cross- Sectional Assessment of Impact of COVID-19 Vaccine on Menstrual Cycle of Pharmacy and Medical Students of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To determine the relationship between the COVID-19 vaccine and the menstruation and to determine the factors associated with menstrual abnormalities after COVID-19 Vaccine. Method(s): Female students from the Unaizah College of Pharmacy and Medicine at Qassim University who were over the age of menarche, had received the vaccine, were not pregnant or nursing, were not using contraceptives, did not have a history of primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic menopause, or had undergone a hysterectomy were invited to participate. A universal sampling method was used to collect the data using an online method. Consequently, a total of 299 enrolled students participated in the survey. Result(s): Out of 329 registered students, 299 agreed to participate, giving a response rate of 90.88%. The mean age of the participants was 22.1 +/- 1.70, majority were unmarried (n=255;85.3%) and were from PharmD (n=206;69.8%). A total of 70(26.1%) reported to have COVID-19 infection. About 258(86.2 %) reported menstrual symptoms post-vaccination, of which 108(41.8%) reported irregular, 94(36.4 %)length of menstruation changed, for 56(21.7%) mensuration completely stopped. Only 16(6.20%) required a hospital visit to resolve post COVID vaccination menstrual symptoms. Previous COVID 19 infection significantly influenced the incidence of mensural abnormalities (p=0.03). After the second dose of the vaccine, Pfizer-BioNTech (91.3%) followed by Johnson and Johnson (66.7%), there were significant variations in the menstrual abnormalities across different vaccination types (p = 0.014). Conclusion(s): The study showed a possible link between the COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual abnormalities which needs further investigation regarding its impact on their quality of life.Copyright © 2023

Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Delay of Minimally Invasive Benign Gynecologic Surgery and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: The effects of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on delay of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were studied. The primary outcome was interval between first MIGS appointment and date of surgery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study used electronic medical record data of a historical cohort who had benign MIGS in 2014-2016 (n = 370) and a cohort in 2020 during the COVID pandemic (n = 249). Included procedures were laparoscopic hysterectomy, myomectomy, adnexal surgery, or endometriosis excision. Patient demographics (race, ethnicity, age, marital status, language, insurance, and socioeconomic factors) were evaluated for associations with surgery delay (> 90 days from initial consultation to operating room date). Results: Median time to surgery was 21 days faster during the pandemic. In the historical cohort, 61% patients waited >90 days, and in the pandemic cohort, 47% patients waited >90 days. In the pandemic cohort, race and primary language were new factors associated with surgery delays. During the pandemic, a greater proportion of patients having surgery delays were Black or other races, compared to White, and a greater proportion did not speak English. After adjusting for referral indications, in multivariable logistic regression, patients who reported Other race had 3 times the odds of surgery delay, compared to White patients. Black patients had higher odds of surgery delay, although this estimate was less precise. Patients with a non-English primary language had >4 times the odds of surgery delay. Ethnicity, insurance and employment status, median household income, neighborhood segregation, and distance to hospital were not associated with surgery delay. Telemedicine accounted for 71% of visits in the pandemic cohort and was associated with a significant decrease in surgery delays with a median wait time of 87 days for patients seen via telemedicine, compared to 101 days for patients seen in-person. A higher proportion of patients using telemedicine were White and spoke English. Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, non-English primary language, and unemployment were associated with in-person versus telemedicine visits. Visit type was not correlated with insurance status, median household income, neighborhood segregation, and distance from the hospital. A risk score was calculated to summarize the estimated effect of intersectionality of multiple identities;multiple minority characteristics were correlated with surgery delays. Time to benign MIGS decreased from historical baselines during the pandemic, indicating improved access to surgical care. This benefit did not apply equally. Disproportionately, White patients who spoke English had no delays and used telemedicine;racial minority patients who did not speak English had greater odds of surgery delays and in-person appointments. Conclusions: Telemedicine can improve access to both MIGS care and surgical outcomes;additional strategies are needed to ensure that all patients receive care advances equitably. (J GYNECOL SURG 20XX:000)

Analysis of social and psychological factors influencing the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease under the regular epidemic prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019

Objective To explore the sociodemographic and psychological factors influencing the continuity of treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease under the regular epidemic prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods A total of 277 patients with chronic kidney disease who were admitted to Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Apr. 2020 to Mar. 2021 were enrolled and divided into 3 groups: non-dialysis group (n=102), hemodialysis (HD) group (n=108), and peritoneal dialysis (PD) group (n=67). All patients were investigated by online and offline questionnaires, including self-designed basic situation questionnaire, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and self-rating depression scale (SDS). The general sociodemographic data, anxiety and depression of the 3 groups were compared, and the influence of sociodemographic and psychological factors on the interruption or delay of treatment was analyzed by binary logistic regression model. Results There were significant differences in age distribution, marital status, occupation, medical insurance type, caregiver type, whether there was an urgent need for hospitalization and whether treatment was delayed or interrupted among the 3 groups (all P<0.05). The average SAS score of 65 PD patients was 38.15+/-15.83, including 53 (81.5%) patients without anxiety, 7 (10.8%) patients with mild anxiety, and 5 (7.7%) patients with moderate to severe anxiety. The average SAS score of 104 patients in the HD group was 36.86+/-14.03, including 81 (77.9%) patients without anxiety, 18 (17.3%) patients with mild anxiety, and 5 (4.8%) patients with moderate to severe anxiety. There were no significant differences in the mean score of SAS or anxiety severity grading between the 2 groups (both P>0.05). The mean SDS scores of 65 PD patients were 53.42+/-13.30, including 22 (33.8%) patients without depression, 21 (32.3%) patients with mild depression, and 22 (33.8%) patients with moderate to severe depression. The mean SDS scores of 104 patients in the HD group were 50.79+/-10.76, including 36 (34.6%) patients without depression, 56 (53.8%) patients with mild depression, and 12 (11.6%) patients with moderate to severe depression. There were no significant differences in mean SDS scores or depression severity grading between the 2 groups (both P>0.05). The results of intra-group comparison showed that the incidence and severity of depression were higher than those of anxiety in both groups. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that high school education level (odds ratio [OR]=5.618, 95% confidence interval [CI]) 2.136-14.776, P<0.01), and unmarried (OR=6.916, 95% CI 1.441-33.185, P=0.016), divorced (OR= 5.588, 95% CI 1.442-21.664, P=0.013), urgent need for hospitalization (OR=8.655, 95% CI 3.847-19.476, P<0.01) could positively promote the continuity of treatment in maintenance dialysis patients under the regular epidemic prevention and control of COVID-19. In the non-dialysis group, no sociodemographic and psychological factors were found to be associated with the interruption or delay of treatment (P>0.05). Conclusion Education, marital status, and urgent need for hospitalization are correlated with the continuity of treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance dialysis.Copyright © 2022, Second Military Medical University Press. All rights reserved.

How Will Demographic Change Affect the Disease Burden of Future Epidemics?

Intro: The burden of infectious diseases is influenced by the structure of the population at risk. Population ageing may have implications for the disease burden of future epidemics. Moreover, changing household structures induced by population ageing may influence the dynamics of disease transmission and burden of infections transmitted via close contact interactions. We aim to investigate the impact of demographic change on the disease transmission dynamics and future disease burden and illustrate this for COVID-19 and influenza-like illness (ILI). Method(s): We simulate the Belgian population between 2020 and 2050 using an individual-based model with census data. The simulated population structures were used as input for an infectious disease model that distinguishes between exposure to infection in the household versus exposure in the community at large. We mimicked outbreaks of COVID-19 and ILI of varying total final size. Finding(s): The simulated population ages between 2020 and 2050, which also affects household size and composition. As the proportion of elderly people in the population increases, the overall attack rate slightly decreases because older age groups have fewer contacts and are therefore less likely to incur and transmit infections. Despite the lower per-person attack rate, the estimated disease burden increases as morbidity and mortality increases with the age at infection. Conclusion(s): The demographic changes induced by population ageing have an impact on the burden of future outbreaks of COVID-19 and ILI in Belgium. The shifting age distribution implies that the elderly, a population group with increased morbidity and mortality in case of infection, make up an increasing proportion of the total population. Population ageing also leads to an increasing proportion of single-person households and collective households (e.g. nursing homes) in the population. Since the household attack rate varies by household size and composition, the living arrangements of the elderly population influences the disease burden of future epidemics to some extent.Copyright © 2023

Remote Schooling and Mothers' Employment During the COVID-19 Pandemic by Race, Education, and Marital Status

Public schools in the United States saw unprecedented reductions to in-person instruction during the 2020–2021 school year. Using the Elementary School Operating Status database, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, we show remote instruction was associated with reduced employment among mothers compared with fathers and women without children. The gender gap in employment between mothers and fathers grew as much as 5 percentage points in areas with remote instruction. Compared to women without children, mothers' employment fell by as much as 2 percentage points under remote schooling. Employment disparities among mothers deepened by race, educational attainment, and marital status. We show employment disparities endured through spring 2021, even as many school districts returned to in-person instruction.

RESPIRATORY DISEASE FACTORS LINK WITH REDUCED SARS-CoV-2 SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PWH

Background: Despite favorable vaccine responses of people with HIV (PWH), susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 (SCv2) infection and increased risk of COVID-19 in immunocompromised PWH continue to be of concern. Here, we searched the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with>9500 actively enrolled, optimally treated PWH to identify factors associated with SCv2 infection in the pre-and postvaccination area. Method(s): We utilized information on SCv2 events reported to the SHCS in 2020 -2021. To detect asymptomatic infection, we screened pre-pandemic (2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) bio-banked plasma for SCv2 antibodies (Ab). SCv2+ and matched SCv2- PWH were additionally screened for Abs to circulating human coronaviruses (HCoV). Data were compared to HIV negative (HIV-) controls. SCv2 data and >26 behavioral, immunologic and disease-parameters available in the SHCS data base were analyzed by logistic regression, conditional logistic regression, and Bayesian multivariate regression. Result(s): Considering information on the SCv2 status of 6270 SHCS participants, neither HIV-1 viral load nor CD4+ T cell levels were linked with increased SCv2 infection risk. COVID-19-linked hospitalization (87/982) and case fatality rates (8/982) were low, but slightly higher than in the general Swiss population when stratified by age. Compared to HIV-, PWH had lower SCv2 IgG responses (median effect size= -0.48, 95%-Credibility-Interval=[-0.7, -0.28]). Consistent with earlier findings, high HCoV Abs pre-pandemic (2019) were associated with a lower risk of a subsequent SCv2-infection and, in case or infection, with higher Ab responses. Examining behavioral factors unrelated to the HIV-status, people living in single-person households were less at risk of SCv2 infection (aOR= 0.77 [0.66,0.9]). We found a striking, highly significant protective effect of smoking on SCv2 infection risk (aOR= 0.46 [0.38,0.56], p=2.6*10-14) which was strongest in 2020 prior to vaccination and was even comparable to the effect of early vaccination in 2021. This impact of smoking was highly robust, occurred even in previous smokers and was highest for heavy smokers. Conclusion(s): Our unbiased cohort screen identified two controversially discussed factors, smoking and cross-protection by HCoV responses to be linked with reduced susceptibility to SCv2, validating their effect for the general population. Overall weaker SCv2 Ab responses in PWH are of concern and need to be monitored to ensure infection- and vaccine-mediated protection from severe disease.

The association between online learning, parents' marital status, and internet addiction among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic period: A cross-lagged panel network approach.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has identified the association between online learning and Internet addiction (IA) and the role of family factors in it. However, few studies have treated IA as a multidimensional mechanism and explored the underlying linkage of online learning, IA, and parental marital status with a cross-lagged network approach. The study aimed to examine the relationship between online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet addiction (IA), and parental marital status among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 2356 adolescents who completed the Internet Addiction Test twice over a four-month period. Four symptom networks and two cross-lagged panel networks were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that adolescents from divorced families had a higher prevalence of IA (27 %) compared to those from non-divorced families (17 %). The strongest cross-lagged association was found between "spending more time online" and "preferring the excitement online". In the divorced group, "school grades suffering" had the highest influence, while in the non-divorced group, "anticipation" had the highest influence. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the relationship between online learning, IA, and parental divorce and suggests that long-term online learning may contribute to IA, and parental divorce may exacerbate problematic Internet use and increase IA levels.

The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 Experienced by Married Individuals Living in Türkiye on Marital Adjustment

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effect of fear of COVID-19 experienced by married individuals living in Türkiye on marital adjustment. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Research data were collected between April 10 and 24, 2021, using the nonprobability snowball sampling technique. An online questionnaire that consisted of a participant information form, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Marital Adjustment Scale was applied to the participants via social media. Results: A total of 503 married individuals participated in the study. We found that the majority of the participants had negative changes in their feelings, thoughts, social lives, plans, and friend and work relationships during the pandemic process. According to the results of the regression analysis, the fear of COVID-19 explained 32.6% of the marital adjustment score of the participants. Conclusion: In stressful life events such as pandemics, it is necessary to plan appropriate interventions to protect married individuals' mental health and marital adjustment. © 2023, Eurasian Society of Family Medicine. All rights reserved.

Assessment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels Among COVID-19 Positive Patients Admitted in Rural Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychiatric distress, including stress, anxiety, and depression levels, among COVID-19 positive patients who were admitted between 01 July 2020 to 31 August 2020 to the COVID-19 isolation ward of the Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah India. Participants included 100 patients, with 55 males and 45 females. The majority of admitted patients (81%) were illiterate. Out of 100 patients, 83 were married, 16 were unmarried, and only 1 was a widow. Method(s): Levels of anxiety, depression, and stress level were noted in admitted patients using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression assessment, and Perceived Stress Scale 4 (PSS-4) assessment techniques, respectively. Result(s): Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression assessment results showed minimal, mild, and moderate depression in 9, 25, and 66 patients, respectively, with a 10.6 median score of PHQ-9. Mild, moderate, and severe anxiety (GAD-7 score) was present in 22, 28, and 50 of the patients surveyed. The mean Perceived Stress Scale 4 (PSS-4) was also analyzed, and it reported 6.1 values. The results of the study demonstrated that the patients had a high label of psychiatric distress, but still, admitted patients believe that they will come out from this pandemic condition. Conclusion(s): Although patients claimed psychiatric distress and mental health illness, they still denied the requirement of any mental health professionals to minimize stress levels and were satisfied with the medical facilities available in a hospital located in a rural area.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.

Yetişkin Bireylerde COVID-19 Korkusu ile COVID-19 Hijyen Davranışları Arasındaki Ílişkinin Belirlenmesi

Objective: This research was carried out as a descriptive and cross-sectional study between January and April 2021 in order to determine the relationship between COVID-19 fear and COVID-19 hygiene behaviors in adults. Materials and Methods: The sample of the research consisted of 1876 individuals who accepted to participate in the online survey with the snowball sampling method and completed the research completely. Research data were obtained with an introductory questionnaire, COVID-19 Fear Scale and COVID-19 Hygiene Behavior Scale. In the analysis of the data, number-percentage calculations, mean, standard deviation, independent t test and ANOVA, Pearson Correlation and Linear regression tests were used. Results: The mean score of the individuals on the COVID-19 Fear Scale was found to be 19.51±.89 and the total mean score of the COVID-19 Hygiene Behaviors Scale was found to be 105.35±18.61. The COVID-19 fear level of the participants;It was determined that gender, education status, working status, place of residence, socio-economic status, individual with chronic disease at home, anxiety due to COVID-19, change in hygiene behavior, thinking that hygiene will prevent COVID-19 explained 21.4%. Variables of age, gender, education status, employment status, marital status, family type, presence of children, place of residence, socioeconomic status, individuals with chronic diseases at home, anxiety due to corona, change in hygiene behavior, thinking that hygiene will prevent corona, COVID-19 Hygiene The level of their behavior;It was determined that 14% explained. Conclusion: As the COVID-19 fear levels of individuals increase, the COVID-19 hygiene behaviors also increas. Amaç: Bu araştırma, yetişkinlerde COVID-19 korkusu ile COVID-19 hijyen davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla Ocak-Nisan 2021 tarihleri arasında tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma verileri, "Veri Toplama Formu”, "COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği” ve "COVID-19 Hijyen Davranış Ölçeği” ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde sayı-yüzde hesaplamaları, ortalama, standart sapma, bağımsız t testi ve ANOVA, Pearson Korelasyon ve Lineer regresyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Bireylerin COVID-19 Korku Ölçeği puan ortalaması 19.51±6.89, COVID19 Hijyen Davranışları Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 105.35±18.61 olarak bulundu. Katılımcıların COVID-19 korku düzeyinin;cinsiyet, öğrenim durumu, çalışma durumu, yaşadığı yer, sosyoekonomik durum, evde kronik hastalığı olan birey, COVID-19 nedeniyle endişe, hijyen davranışı değişikliği, hijyenin COVID-19'u engelleyeceğini düşünme değişkenlerinin %21.4'ünü açıkladığı saptanmıştır. Yaş, cinsiyet, öğrenim durumu, çalışma durumu, medeni durum, aile tipi, çocuk varlığı, yaşadığı yer, sosyoekonomik durum, evde kronik hastalığı olan birey, korona nedeniyle endişe, hijyen davranışı değişikliği, hijyenin koronayı engelleyeceğini düşünme değişkenlerinin, COVID-19 Hijyen Davranışları düzeyinin;%14'ünü açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bireylerin COVID-19 korku düzeyleri arttıkça, COVID-19 hijyen davranışları da artmaktadır.

Consumer attitudes toward ordering from cloud kitchens: a gender and marital status perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine consumer's perceptions of cloud kitchens, including the influence of perceived innovativeness (PI), utility motivations (price and food varieties), and food safety risk perceptions (FSRP) on trust;the impact of hedonic motivations and trust on attitude;and the moderating effect of FSRP on the relationship between utility motivations (food varieties) and trust. The relationships were examined with respect to gender and marital status.Design/methodology/approachThe Theory of Consumption Value served as the theoretical underpinning of this study. Data was collected with an online survey (n = 316) using the Qualtrics panel. The partial least squares–structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the survey data.FindingsPI, utilitarian motivations (price) and hedonic motivations (food varieties) positively influenced trust, whereas trust positively influenced attitude. FSRP negatively impacted trust and moderated the relationship between utility motivations (food varieties) and trust. Hedonic motivations positively influenced consumers' attitudes. Multi-group analyses highlighted the differences attributed to gender and marital status.Research limitations/implicationsPI and utility motivations influenced trust, supporting the notion that consumers are open to new and convenient ways to order food. Additionally, the negative influence of FSRP on trust and its moderating role on the path between food varieties and trust highlights the importance of FSRP on food consumption. Finally, this study provided insight into the influence of gender and marital status on perceptions of ordering from cloud kitchens.Originality/valueThe cloud kitchen business model is undergoing exponential growth, and this study provides an understanding of cloud kitchens from a consumer's perspective.

A study on the dietary behavior of Korean adults: focus on dietary supplement intake, household size, and COVID-19

Objectives: This study investigates dietary supplement intakes by examining the characteristics of dietary and health-related behaviors. Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Dietary and health-related behaviors were also examined before and after the occurrence of COVID-19 and household types (multi-members vs. single person). Methods: Data used in this study were collected from the 2019-2020 KNHANES by including adults aged 19 to 64 years. Pregnant, lactating, and subjects consuming calories less than 500 and more than 5,000 were excluded. Differences in dietary and health-related behaviors before and after COVID-19, and between the two types of households were analyzed by Chi-square analyses using Rao-Scott. Logistic regression analyses were applied to determine which dietary and health-related behaviors affected the dietary supplement intakes. In addition, descriptive analysis was run for demographic characteristics. Results: The dietary supplement intake rate differed significantly with respect to the gender, age, education, marital status, and household income. Dietary supplement intakes, frequency of eating out, obesity, and body weight changes were significantly different before and after COVID-19. In addition, meal evaluation, frequency of eating out, drinking, smoking, activity, subjective health evaluation, and body weight changes showed significant differences by household type. Attitude towards nutrition, activity, meal evaluation, obesity, and smoking were factors that affected the intake of dietary supplements. Conclusions: While increased intake of dietary supplements is a prevalent phenomenon, this intake needs to be monitored and studied closely, considering the sociodemographic characteristics and dietary and health-related behaviors. Furthermore, the dietary supplement intake trend after COVID-19 needs to be studied along with food intake.

Coping Strategies and Mental Health during the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Italian Survey

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is still having a strong impact on psychological and mental health worldwide. The pandemic generated a change in people's life and fear, loss of structure of daily routine, physical illness, depression, and stress, are only some of the potentially long-term consequences. The coping strategies used to deal with these difficulties may have influenced the perception of well-being, so the present study aimed to evaluate mental health in relation to individual characteristics and to explore the more effective coping strategies used by the Italian population and their impact on psychological well-being. Method(s): The web-based survey was delivered by Qualtrics between 30 November and 10 December 2020. A total of 537 individuals (>18) were recruited and all participants completed measures of sociodemographic data, general psychological well-being (PGWBI), and coping strategies (COPE-NVI). Result(s): Females, students, and unmarried people reported the lowest levels of mental health. Specifically, the coping strategy called "positive attitude" was positively correlated with psychological well-being, while "avoidance" and "social support strategies" negatively influenced it. The coping strategies named "problem-focused" and "transcendentoriented" resulted not statistically significant. Conclusion(s): The use of maladaptive strategies (e.g., avoidance-oriented) set up negative symptoms such as anxiety or depression whereas the beneficial ones can be central to optimally managing the psychological effects of long-lasting current COVID-19. From a preventive point of view, it is hence important to take care both of those who are already suffering from psychological disorders and of the non-clinical population, starting to question how psychopathology will change after the pandemic. New treatment directions should be found. The results suggest that to prevent mental disorders, therapists must consider the use of coping strategies in clinical practice. Implications for clinical preventive interventions are reported.

Nonmarital relationships: Introduction

In the United States today, adults live in a variety of nonmarital relationships and situations, ranging from committed partners who cohabit, to people who cohabit with differing levels of commitment,1 to committed partners who live apart. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all of these relationship forms differently. The coming years will reveal the extent to which these impacts will alter the social and legal landscape around nonmarital relationships. These relationships have produced a range of responses in both existing law and law reform efforts. Meanwhile, scholars from various disciplines are studying nonmarital relationships, including polyamorous arrangements and other communities of choice. The Uniform Law Commission has developed a new proposal for uniformity in this area that addresses property rights and equitable claims, but not the many other legal rights and obligations that might accrue. Although the resolution of property disputes between nonmarital partners remains a critical concern, scholars have become interested in exploring the availability of other types of legal rights and the impact of demographic variations that the law has previously overlooked or oversimplified. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Job Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic amongst Social Workers: A Comparison between Chinese Mainland and Macao

The COVID-19 pandemic may have resulted in front line social workers experiencing job stress, burnout and other psychological distress. Little is known about the work-related stress experienced by Chinese social workers during the pandemic. This study focused on the job stress of social workers from Mainland and Macao. The research aims of this study included: (1) testing whether there is a difference in job stress between social workers from Mainland and Macao during the pandemic and (2) identifying mediating factors that helped explain such regional differences. An online survey collected data from 292 social workers in Mainland China and 108 from Macao in 2020. Mainland participants reported significantly higher job stress than Macao participants. Regional differences in job stress amongst Mainland and Macao social workers were partially attributed to their age and professional role identity. More attention needs to be paid to social workers in Mainland China as they experience higher job stress than their counterparts from Macao. Future research is needed to examine other factors (e.g. job demand and financial compensation) that may contribute to such regional differences.

Public perception of citrus fruit consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Adequate nutrition has become a priority for the psychologically and emotionally affected population, especially those under stress due to quarantine and people affected by Coronavirus Disease in 2019 (COVID-19). However, records on eating behavior variations due to Brazil's pandemic are still incipient, and it is crucial to know and identify frequent incentives that arouse interest in a class of products. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the final consumer behaviors and the consumption influence of citrus fruits and their products, as a vitamin C source, in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. By applying an online questionnaire prepared on the Google.. Forms platform, a survey was conducted with the voluntary participation of 546 unidentified respondents. The answers obtained made it possible to trace the participants' sociodemographic characteristics and consumption habits. According to the interviewees, there was a predominance of adults between 25 and 34 years old, female, single, living in the Southeast macro-region, and people with a master's and doctorate. level education. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the population interviewed did not change their consumption of citrus fruits and their products, but the place of purchase changed, possibly due to social isolation. Marketing is of fundamental importance in the Brazilian citrus industry, which is facing the challenge of encouraging a healthier diet and searching for expansion of the fresh fruit market.

A study on the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and job stress and satisfaction among healthcare workers in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The aim of this study was to determine the sociodemographic characteristics that affect job stress and job satisfaction in 454 healthcare workers (physicians, nurses, midwives, technicians, and other healthcare personnel) working with COVID-19 patients in primary healthcare institutions in Turkey with a cross-sectional, web-based survey between 9 and 30 August 2021. The survey included a personal information form, a standard job stress scale, and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. The levels of job stress and job satisfaction did not differ between male and female respondents. Singles reported lower job stress and higher job satisfaction than the married respondents. Job stress did not differ between departments, but respondents on the front line who worked in a COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) (at any point and/or at the time of the study) or the emergency department reported lower job satisfaction than those working in other departments. Similarly, while stress did not differ by educational status, satisfaction of respondents with bachelor's or master's degree was lower than that of the rest. Our findings also suggest that working in a COVID-19 ICU and age are significant predictors of higher stress, whereas lower education, working in a COVID-19 ICU, and being married are good predictors of lower satisfaction. Further research should include other sociodemographic variables that may affect stress and satisfaction at work, and similar studies should follow up to see what was left in the wake of the pandemic.